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Document Type |
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Thesis |
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Document Title |
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Estimation of Prevalence of Aflatoxins in Some Nuts in Markets of Makkah Almukaramah (Holy Capital). تقدير معدل انتشار الأفلاتوكسين في بعض أنواع المكسرات المتداولة في أسواق مكة المكرمة (العاصمة المقدسة). |
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Subject |
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Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture |
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Document Language |
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Arabic |
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Abstract |
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This study was conducted to assess the rate of prevalence of aflatoxin contamination in nuts sold in the local markets of Makkah and to evaluate the extent of implementation of the good hygiene practices in storing nuts. Two hundred and sixty four samples (hazelnuts, pistachios, almonds, cashew, walnuts and peanuts) were collected from 7 municipalities Makkah. Two techniques were used for estimation of aflatoxin: the first one was Immunoaffinity Column Chromatography, to find out the rate of prevalence of total aflatoxin (TAF) and this method was used with all collected samples. The second technique was High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) used to identify aflatoxins types and to estimate the contamination level for each type. HPLC technique was only applied to samples proven by Immunoaffinity to have levels of total aflatoxins >4 µg/kg. Results showed that, 50.4% of the collected nut samples were contaminated with total aflatoxins in a range between 0.0034 and 110 µg/kg. The highest rate of contamination was in Ghazza municipality (63.7%). About 7.6% of the contaminated samples (20 samples) were contaminated by levels higher than the permissible limits of European Union standards (<4 µg/kg) and 2.3% (6 samples) were contaminated with levels higher than the permissible limits of Gulf standards (<20 µg/kg). Results showed also that, the highest rate of contamination with total aflatoxins was found in samples imported from China (69%), followed by Turkey (61%) and Iran (58%), and the highest level of aflatoxin was detected in sample of pistachio imported from Iran (110 µg/kg), followed by peanut sample imported from China (100 µg/kg). Meanwhile, the highest rate of contamination was found in walnuts (82.14%) followed by hazelnuts (60.7%). The mean contamination level in walnut samples was 2.4 ± 2.2 µg/kg, and in hazelnuts 1.7 ± 2 µg/kg. The levels of aflatoxins B1, B2 , G1 and G2 were estimated in samples contaminated with a total aflatoxin higher than 4 µg/kg using HPLC. AFB1 was found in 8 samples in a range between 2.23 and 411.4 µg/kg, which are higher than the permissible limits of European Union Standards for AFB1 (<2 µg/kg). The highest level of AFB1 was detected in two samples of Iranian pistachios (422 and 358 µg/kg). AFG1 was also detected in 5 samples with levels ranging from 1.92 to 12.9 µg/kg. The highest concentration of AFG1 was that of walnut sample imported from China. Assessment of the storage places showed that, 58% of the stores under study did not apply good hygiene practices in storing of nuts and 5 stores (42%) had medium score (60 -80%) in applying the hygienic practices in storing nuts. |
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Supervisor |
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Prof. Mahmoud M. El tawila |
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Thesis Type |
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Master Thesis |
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Publishing Year |
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1431 AH
2010 AD |
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Co-Supervisor |
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Dr. Abd Alatef Nematallah |
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Added Date |
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Friday, November 26, 2010 |
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Researchers
| صادق أنيس سردار | SERDAR, SADEQ ANEES | Researcher | Master | |
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